Abstract Usually, machining employs cooling methods to avoid high temperatures. In most cases, the cutting fluid is applied with high flow and low pressures. This technique consumes a large amount of cutting fluid that causes serious problems in the environment and in the health of the worker. An alternative to the conventional cooling method is the Minimum Quantity of Lubricant. The MQL attempts to minimize the consumption of cutting fluid, which this study is about, whereby the reduction provided by this MQL was 99.99%. This technique consumes only the necessary quantity of cutting fluid to create a thin film of lubricant on the cutting surface grinding wheel. The MQL aerosol is injected with high pressure in the contact zone, efficiently lubricating the grinding process. However, the cooling effect of MQL is not enough to dissipate all heat produced during the grinding process. This study analyzes the improvement in the cooling effect caused by the addition of water in the MQL. The tests were done using different concentrations of cutting fluid in water, e.g. 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5 (oil:water). The experiment occurred on the external cylindrical plunge grinding with a vitrified cubic boron nitrite (CBN) grinding wheel, serving as the workpiece, the AISI 4340 quenched and tempered steel. The analyzed outputs were: surface roughness, roundness deviation, acoustic emission and vibration.. The results improved with the addition of water in the cutting fluid used in the MQL technique. The comparison with the MQL conditions showed that the best condition was the fluid with more water concentration.

Abstract The coolant delivery technique known as Minimal Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been employed in machining since the end of the 20th Century and has gained considerable evidence in the last years as a viable alternative to the use of the conventional coolant technique (flood). Due to the low oil flow rate delivered by the MQL technique in grinding operations, that generally varies from 20 to 240 ml / h in relation to near 600,000 ml / h flow rate of the conventional coolant technique, the MQL technique provides a reduced risk for human health and environmental damage associated with the use, maintenance and disposal of cutting fluids. In this context, this study was carried out to evaluate the application viability of the minimum quantity lubrication coolant technique under different flow rates in the plunge cylindrical grinding of ABNT 4340 steel with an aluminum oxide wheel. Three flow rates were tested: 30, 60 and 120 ml/h. Grinding trials with the conventional coolant delivery method were also tested for comparative purposes. The output variables used to assess the efficiency of the MQL technique in this work are: roughness, roundness and hardness of the workpiece. Grinding wheel wear and power consumption were also monitored. The results showed that, despite the higher values of roughness and roundness of the workpiece, as well as the grinding wheel wear, the values of these same parameters obtained after machining with the MQL technique were close to those obtained after machining with the conventional technique. No thermal damages and cracks on the machined surface, or even below the machined surface, were observed after grinding ABNT 4340 steel irrespective of the coolant-lubrication condition investigated. The results showed that the MQL with 120 ml/h can be an alternative coolant technique due to cleaner environment and lower consumption of fluid in grinding under the conditions investigated in this work.

RESUMO Os processos de usinagem são de extrema importância para a fabricação de peças mecânicas, as peças exigem alta precisão dimensional e geométrica e qualidade em sua construção. Dentre os processos de usinagem, o processo de retificação se destaca por ser um dos processos mais usado, por sua precisão e bom acabamento. É essencial que se conheça bem este processo, já que o mesmo se encontra na última etapa da manufatura. Assim, problemas durante o processo de retificação compromete-se a peça e pode-se perder o trabalho realizado em todas as etapas anteriores, acarretando em alto custo na produção e perda de matéria-prima. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método de monitoramento das condições da superfície das peças, realizando um estudo comparativo da rugosidade e queima de peças retificadas com os sinais captados por um diafragma piezelétrico de baixo custo composto por Titanato Zirconato de Chumbo (PZT), bem como por um sensor de emissão acústica (EA). Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados em uma retificadora tangencial plana, onde um banco de ensaios foi desenvolvido empregando-se um rebolo de CBN com ligante resinoide em corpos de prova de aço VC131. Posteriormente, para caracterizar a superfície das peças, foi realizada a inspeção visual, medidas de rugosidade, medidas de micro dureza Vickers e uma análise metalográfica, para verificar a microestrutura de cada peça. Os sinais foram aquisitados através de um osciloscópio de alta taxa de amostragem e, posteriormente, tratados com filtros digitais. Na sequência, esses sinais, foram comparados com a queima e a rugosidade de cada peça em suas respectivas condições, através de técnicas de processamento de sinais. Notou-se que o aumento da rugosidade, bem como a ocorrência da queima da peça, possui um relacionamento com aumento do sinal RMS do PZT e da EA. Por meio deste estudo pôde ser verificada a eficácia do sinal emitido pelo diafragma piezelétrico de baixo custo, que apresentou uma correspondência satisfatória com a condição das peças do aço VC 131 após a retificação, de acordo com a análise espectral e o estudo do sinal nas devidas bandas de frequência utilizadas.

ABSTRACT The machining processes are of extreme importance for the manufacture of mechanical parts, the parts demand high dimensional and geometric precision and quality in its construction. Among the machining processes, the grinding process stands out as one of the most used processes, due to its precision and good finish. It is essential that this process is well known, since it is in the last stage of manufacture. Thus, problems during the grinding process compromise the part and can be lost the work carried out in all previous stages, resulting in high cost in production and loss of raw material. The objective of this work is to develop a method of monitoring the surface conditions of the parts by performing a comparative study of the roughness and burning of rectified parts with the signals captured by a low cost piezeletric diaphragm composed of Lead Titanium Zirconate (LTZ), as well as an acoustic emission sensor (AE). The experimental tests were performed on a flat tangential grinding machine, where a test bench was developed using a CBN grinding wheel with resinoid binder in VC131 steel test bodies. Later, to characterize the surface of the pieces, visual inspection, roughness measurements, Vickers micro hardness measurements and a metallographic analysis were performed to verify the microstructure of each piece. The signals were acquired through an oscilloscope of high sampling rate and later treated with digital filters. These signals were then compared to the firing and roughness of each part under their respective conditions, through signal processing techniques. It was noticed that the increase of the roughness, as well as the occurrence of the burning of the piece, has a relationship with increase of the RMS signal of the PZT and the EA. By means of this study, the efficiency of the signal emitted by the low cost piezoelectric diaphragm was verified, which presented a satisfactory correspondence with the condition of the parts of the steel VC 131 after the grinding, according to the spectral analysis and the study of the signal in proper frequency bands.

RESUMO Apesar do grande desenvolvimento de ferramentas com insertos de metal duro, material cerâmico e outros nas últimas três décadas, algumas das ferramentas de corte ainda necessitam ser reafiadas após a perda do corte por meio do processo de afiação com rebolos abrasivos. A afiação tem como objetivo gerar as arestas de corte de ferramentas novas ou restabelecer as arestas de corte de ferramentas desgastadas e, para que este processo seja eficiente, ela dependerá da seleção correta dos parâmetros de corte, da máquina ferramenta e habilidade do operador. Se neste processo um parâmetro de corte não for corretamente selecionado a geometria poderá ser comprometida e, no pior dos casos, a peça poderá sofrer queima. A queima leva, na maioria dos casos, à perda da dureza da ferramenta, propriedade essencial para que a ferramenta consiga resistir aos esforços durante a usinagem como, por exemplo, quando uma ferramenta monocortante de aço rápido é empregada no processo de torneamento cilíndrico de aços ao carbono. A fim de estudar o processo de afiação deste tipo de ferramenta, esta pesquisa aborda o procedimento de afiação com quatro diferentes valores de profundidade de corte, considerado um dos principais parâmetros que afeta a qualidade da geometria gerada. Utilizou-se um rebolo do tipo copo reto de óxido de alumínio branco, típico para esta operação. O material da peça foi o aço rápido (HSS) com dureza de 62 ± 2 HRC. As variáveis de saída foram os ângulos de saída, de posição principal e de posição secundário, que foram medidos com o auxílio de um projetor de perfil e um transferidor universal (apenas para o ângulo de saída). Além disso, a incerteza de medição foi calculada para caracterizar a dispersão dos valores atribuídos a cada ângulo medido. Os resultados mostraram que houve variação nas medidas dos ângulos em função da penetração de trabalho, como esperado, e que a maior exatidão dos ângulos gerados foi obtida após a profundidade de corte igual a 0,06 mm. Não houve formação de rebarba e nem a presença de queima das superfícies usinadas.

ABSTRACT Despite of technological advances in developments of cutting tools such as carbide inserts, ceramic materials and others in the last three decades, some of cutting tools still needs to have their cutting geometry restored due to wear through the sharpening operation with abrasive wheels. Sharpening aims to provide shape either to new cutting tools and worn ones. The efficiency of this operation depends on the correct selection of cutting parameters, machine tool and operator's ability. In this process, if an improper cutting parameter is selected, the workpiece geometry can be compromised and, at the worst-case scenario, surface burning can occur, thereby leading to reduction of tool hardness. Tool hardness and strength are essential to withstand cutting forces during machining, for example, when a lathe tool bit is employed for cylindrical turning of a mild steel. In this context, this work presents an experimental study on the sharpening operation of HSS lathe tool bit using four different values of depth of cut. The grinding wheel employed was a straight cup white aluminium oxide, which is highly recommended for such operation. The workpiece material was the high speed steel (HSS) with hardness of 62 ± 2 HRC. The output parameters evaluated were the values of the rake angle, side cutting edge angle and end cutting edge angle, that were all measured with aid of a profile projector and a universal protractor (only for the rake angle). All the experimental trials were replicated once and the angles were measured five times. Statistical analyse of the results were performed to evaluate the statistical significance of comparisons and the measurement uncertainty was calculated. The results showed that all angles were affected by the depth of cut, as expected, and the highest angles accuracy was obtained after machining with a depth of cut of 0.06 mm. No burrs and burning of machined surfaces were observed.

RESUMO O uso de dressadores desgastados pode proporcionar uma menor agressividade para o rebolo, causando um aumento das forças de corte e a perda mais rápida de afiação dos grãos que por consequência compromete a qualidade final da peça a ser usinada. Por outro lado, um método de monitoramento do processo de dressagem em tempo real, que permita identificar o momento em que o dressador esteja desgastado, e assim seja substituído, é algo que pode ser de grande importância para o processo de retificação, visando garantir a qualidade e precisão das peças usinadas. Dessa forma, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desgaste do dressador de ponta única, por meio da análise espectral do sinal de vibração durante o processo de dressagem. Para isso, ensaios de dressagem foram realizados, utilizando uma retificadora plana e variáveis de entrada um rebolo de óxido de alumínio, um dressador de ponta única de diamante sintético do tipo CVD (Chemical Vapour Deposition), profundidade de dressagem de 40 µm; velocidade do dressador de 3,45 mm/s e o grau de recobrimento Ud igual a 1 no início da dressagem. As variáveis de saída foram a aquisição dos sinais de vibração por meio de um acelerômetro fixo no suporte do dressador, coletados por um osciloscópio e as medições do desgaste do dressador por meio de um microscópio. Por meio da análise espectral do sinal de vibração, em três condições de uso, sendo, nova, meia vida e desgastado, utilizando o método Welch e a Transformada Rápida de Fourier (FFT), foi possível identificar faixas de frequência entre 1 kHz e 8 kHz, em que a amplitude aumentava em função do desgaste do dressador. Foi constatado que o aumento da atividade de vibração é diretamente proporcional ao desgaste do dressador CVD. Foi possível identificar faixas de frequências que melhor caracterizam tal situação, como nos trechos de 2 kHz a 4 kHz e de 6 kHz e 8 kHz. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de implementação de um sistema de monitoramento em tempo real, a partir do uso de filtros digitais nessas faixas de frequência.

ABSTRACT The use of dressers worn can provide a less aggressive to the grinding wheels, causing an increase in cutting forces and a more rapid loss of grinding grain consequently compromise the final quality of the workpiece to be machined. On the other hand, a method of monitoring the dressing operation in real time, identifying the moment in which the dresser is worn and thus to be replaced, something which can be of great importance for the grinding process in order to assure quality and accuracy of the workpieces. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the wear of the single point dresser, through spectral analysis of vibration signal during the dressing operation. For this dressing assays were performed using a flat grinding and input variables a grinding wheel aluminum oxide, one the single point dresser of synthetic diamond r type CVD (Chemical Vapour Deposition), depth of dressing 40 µm, dresser speed of 3.45 mm /s and the degree of coating Ud equal to 1 at the beginning of dressing. The output variables were the acquisition of the vibration signals via an accelerometer fixed in the dresser holder, collected by an oscilloscope and dresser wear measurements using a microscope. Through spectral analysis of vibration signal in three conditions of use, and, new, half-life and worn, using the Welch method and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), it was possible to identify the frequency bands between 1 kHz and 8 kHz in the amplitude increased according to the dresser wear. It has been found that the increased vibration activity is directly proportional to the CVD dresser wear. It was possible to identify frequency bands that best characterize such a situation, as in bands of 2 kHz to 4 kHz and 6 kHz and 8 kHz. The results indicate the possibility of implementing a real-time monitoring system, from the use of digital filters in these frequency bands.

A retificação é um processo de usinagem preciso, sendo uma das etapas mais caras na fabricação dos moldes para injeção de termoplásticos. Na retificação o rebolo é a ferramenta abrasiva responsável pela retirada do material. O número de tipos de abrasivos e granulometrias disponíveis são bastante grandes e junto com a quantidade de ligas possíveis, estruturas e durezas, além dos formatos, fazem com que se chegue a um número enorme de produtos. O conhecimento das suas características técnicas, vantagens, defeitos e condições de trabalho são fundamentais para os engenheiros de produto, de processos e, naturalmente, para os gerentes de área industrial, identificarem qual o rebolo mais indicado para realização do processo de retificação. Dentre os aços utilizados na fabricação de moldes para injeção de termoplásticos destaca-se o aço VP-50, o qual foi o aço usado neste experimento, sendo usinado pelo processo de retificação cilíndrica. No processo de retificação, também foi adotado para fins de experimento dois métodos de lubrirrefrigeração, sendo eles o método convencional com lubrirrefrigeração abundante e o MQL que é a técnica com mínima quantidade de lubrirrefrigeração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar de forma comparativa o desempenho de corte executado com três tipos de rebolos convencionais: rebolo de óxido de alumínio branco, rebolo de carbureto de silício verde e rebolo de carbureto de silício preto com óxido de alumínio branco. Os resultados foram analisados e comparados pelas variáveis de saída dos três tipos de rebolos, tipo de refrigeração e espessura equivalente de corte.

The grinding is a precise machining process, one of the most expensive steps in the manufacture of in-jection molds for thermoplastic. In grinding the grinding wheel abrasive tool is responsible for removal. The number and types of abrasive grit sizes available are quite large and together with the number of possible alloys, structures and shapes of hardness beyond cause reach an enormous number of products. The knowledge of their technical characteristics, advantages, defects and working conditions are fundamental for product engineers, process and of course to the industrial area managers, which identify the most suitable grinding wheel to perform the grinding process. Among the steels used in the manufacture of molds for ther-moplastic injection highlight the VP-50 steel, which was the steel used in this experiment being machined by the cylindrical grinding process. In the grinding process was also adopted for the purpose of experiment two methods of lubrication and cooling them with the conventional method with abundant lubrication and cooling and MQL is the technique with minimal amount of lubrication and cooling. The objective of this study was to analyze comparatively cutting performance, performed with three types of conventional wheels: grinding of white aluminum oxide, green silicon carbide grinding wheel and grinding of black silicon carbide with white aluminum oxide. The results were analyzed and compared by the output variables of the three types of wheels, type of refrigeration and equivalent thickness.

ResumoNo processo de retificação, muito já se avançou com o desenvolvimento de métodos de dressagem de rebolos, de lubrirefrigeração e de outros mais. Todavia, todos esses progressos foram conseguidos apenas no que diz respeito ao corte contínuo, ou seja, o perfil da peça retificada não sofre descontinuidade alguma. Nesse sentido, torna-se necessário o estudo do processo de retificação por corte intermitente (peça com ranhuras – corte descontínuo), pois pouco ou, mesmo, nenhum conhecimento e/ou estudo foi desenvolvido com esse enfoque, visto que não é encontrado material algum na literatura formal, salvo aqueles em que o rebolo é o detentor das ranhuras. Na retificação, o calor gerado na zona de corte é extremamente elevado. Dessa forma, o uso de fluidos de corte é indispensável para que seja possível refrigerar, tanto a peça, quanto o rebolo e propiciar melhorias na operação de corte, sendo o mais comum a utilização de fluido em abundância, tendo em vista que os agentes de arrefecimento e lubrificação são capazes de proporcionar uma retificação mais eficiente. Os ensaios foram realizados com um rebolo convencional de óxido de alúmínio, retificando corpos-de-prova confeccionados com aço ABNT 4340 temperado e revenido com 2, 6 e 12 ranhuras. A operação cilíndrica utilizada foi de mergulho, ou seja, o rebolo avança sobre a peça em movimento de rotação. Esse avanço é realizado com três velocidades distintas. Dos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a rugosidade tendeu a aumentar, para CP's com mesmo número de ranhuras, conforme foi aumentada a velocidade de mergulho. Os erros de circularidade, assim como a rugosidade, também tenderam a aumentar com o aumento da velocidade de mergulho, para CP's com mesmo número de ranhuras. O desgaste do rebolo tendeu a aumentar conforme aumentados a velocidade de mergulho e o número de ranhuras. A potência consumida pela retificadora foi inversamente proporcional ao número de ranhuras. A microdureza subsuperficial não provocou alteração significativa. E as micrografias revelaram que a usinagem foi satisfatória, pois não houve danos significativos à superficie usinada.

AbstractThere has been a great advance in the grinding process by the development of dressing, lubri-refrigeration and other methods. Nevertheless, all of these advances were gained only for continuous cutting; in other words, the ground workpiece profile remains unchanged. Hence, it becomes necessary to study grinding process using intermittent cutting (grooved workpiece – discontinuous cutting), as little or no knowledge and studies have been developed for this purpose, since there is nothing found in formal literature, except for grooved grinding wheels. During the grinding process, heat generated in the cutting zone is extremely high. Therefore, plenty of cutting fluids are essential to cool not only the workpiece but also the grinding wheel, improving the grinding process. In this paper, grinding trials were performed using a conventional aluminum oxide grinding wheel, testing samples made of AISI 4340 steel quenched and tempered with 2, 6, and 12 grooves. The cylindrical plunge grinding was performed by rotating the workpiece on the grinding wheel. This plunge movement was made at three different speeds. From the obtained results, it can be observed that roughness tended to increase for testing sample with the same number of grooves, as rotation speed increased. Roundness error also tended to increase as the speed rotation process got higher for testing the sample with the same number of grooves. Grinding wheel wear enhanced as rotation speed and number of grooves increased. Power consumed by the grinding machine was inversely proportional to the number of grooves. Subsuperficial microhardness had no significant change. Micrographs reveal an optimal machining operation as there was no significant damage on the machined surface.

The current work presents a study of alternative methods of cooling-lubrication for the external plunge grinding of advanced ceramics using diamond wheels. These two alternative methods, which are intended to reduce cutting fluid expenses, are commonly referred to as the optimized cooling-lubrication method and minimal quantity of lubrication (MQL). The techniques were evaluated by process monitoring and by the assessment of output variables such as tangential cutting force, G ratio, roundness errors, surface roughness, microstructure and residual stresses measured by X-ray diffraction. The obtained results showed that the two proposed techniques can replace the conventional cooling-lubrication method, i.e., flood coolant. In particular, optimized cooling-lubrication method reduced wheel wear and produced workpieces with the best geometric and dimensional finishes, while MQL significantly reduced the amount of fluid employed in the process without harming the workpiece quality.

Researches concerning cooling-lubrication optimization in grinding have been conducted to contribute to a more sustainable process. An alternative to flood coolant is minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), which spray oil droplets in a compressed air jet. However, problems related to wheel cleaning were reported, due to wheel loading by a mixture of chips and oil, resulting in worsening of surface quality. This work aims to evaluate the viability of Teflon and aluminum oxide for wheel cleaning, compared to MQL without cleaning and MQL with cleaning by compressed air, through the following output variables: surface roughness, roundness, wheel wear, grinding power and acoustic emission. Vickers microhardness measurements and optical microscopy were also carried out. The results showed that both materials were efficient in cleaning the wheel, compared to MQL without cleaning, but not as satisfactory as compressed air. Much work is to be done in order to select the right material for wheel cleaning.

Na fabricação de componentes mecânicos precisos, que necessitam de alta resistência mecânica e ao desgaste, utiliza-se o processo de retificação, para conferir o acabamento final desejado e, também, para eliminar as deformações ocorridas durante a têmpera do aço. No entanto, as condições de retificação devem ser adequadas, para que não sejam introduzidas falhas na peça. Novos conceitos de lubrificação e refrigeração, para o processo de retificação, estão sendo pesquisados, de forma a diminuir os custos e os danos ambientais causados pelos fluidos de corte. Nesse trabalho, é analisada a influência das técnicas de mínima quantidade de lubrificante (MQL), refrigeração otimizada e refrigeração convencional, com diferentes vazões e velocidade de aplicação do fluido de corte, na qualidade das peças produzidas com aço ABNT 4340 endurecido, no processo de retificação cilíndrica externa de mergulho com a utilização de rebolos de CBN. O Aço ABNT 4340 apresenta várias aplicações industriais, sendo considerado de uso aeronáutico devido, sua alta resistência mecânica sem aumentar o peso dos componentes que o utilizam. A análise da qualidade das peças foi realizada com a verficação das rugosidades e com a análise de microscopias eletrônicas de varredura. Verificou-se, ainda, a força tangencial de corte. Em relação às diferentes formas de aplicação do fluido de corte, notou-se o melhor desempenho da aplicação otimizada, para maiores velocidades, mostrando a eficiência do bocal utilizado. O processo otimizado e o processo MQL foram capazes de manter a integridade superficial das peças produzidas. Exceção somente para a condição MQL com vazão de fluido de corte de 40ml/h, que produziu trincas e queima superficial. Rebolos com baixa concentração de CBN, conseqüentemente mais baratos, proporcionaram bons resultados, quando associados com técnicas mais eficientes de aplicação de fluido de corte apresentando desgaste reduzido.

In the manufacture of precise mechanical components, which requires high mechanical and wear resistance, the grinding process is used to give the desired finishing and to eliminate the distortion occurred during the quenching step in the steel heat treatment process. However, the grinding conditions should be appropriate so that flaws are not incorporated into the piece. New lubrication and cooling concepts for the grinding process are being researched in order to reduce costs and environmental damage caused by cutting fluids. The influences on the surface integrity and surface quality of the ABNT 4340 hardened parts have been analyzed in this research by employing the minimum quantity of lubrication (MQL), optimized and conventional cooling, different flows and velocities in the application of the cutting fluid and a super abrasive grinding wheel in the cylindrical plunge grinding process. The ABNT 4340 steel, with several industrial applications, is considered for aeronautical use due to its high strength without increasing the weight of the components. The quality analysis of the parts was done by roughness verification and electron scanning microscopy (ESM). The tangential cutting force was also verified. Regarding the different forms of the cutting fluid application, the best performance was verified for the optimized for higher speeds showing the efficiency of the nozzle used. The optimized and the MQL processes were able to maintain the surface hardness and integrity of the produced parts. The only exception occurred for the MQL condition with a cutting fluid flow rate at 40ml/h, which led to cracks and superficial burns. Grinding wheels with low CBN concentration, therefore cheaper, produced good results when associated with more efficient techniques of cutting fluid application, showing reduced wear.

Industry worldwide has been marked by intense competition in recent years, placing companies under ever increasing pressure to improve the efficiency of their product processes. In addition to efficiency, precision is an extremely important factor, allowing companies to maintain standards and procedures aligned with international standards. One of the finishing processes most widely utilized for the manufacturing of mechanical precision components is grinding, and one of the principal criteria for evaluating the final quality of a product is its surface, which is influenced mainly by thermal and mechanical factors. Thus, the objective of this work was to investigate the intrinsic relationship between the surface quality of ground workpieces and the behavior of the corresponding acoustic emission and grinding power signals in the surface grinding processes, using artificial neural networks. The surface quality of workpieces was analyzed based on parameters of surface grinding burn, surface roughness and microhardness. The use of artifice-al neural networks in the characterization of the surface quality ground workpieces was found to yield good results, constituting an interesting proposal for the implementation of intelligent systems in industrial environments.

Precision cylindrical grinding is used extensively in the manufacture of precision components in the metal-mechanical industry in general. Modern CNC grinding machines have improved this process with respect to the positioning and rigidity of the machine-workpiece-tool system, allowing the production of high precision parts with low dimensional tolerances. Besides the difficulties inherent to the process, awareness has grown in recent years regarding the environmental issues of cutting fluids. As a response, the industry has begun to seek alternative lubrication and cooling methods. Among the various existing techniques, Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been considered as an alternative. This technique can be understood as a combination of conventional lubrication and cooling methods and dry machining, in which a small quantity of lubricating oil mixed with compressed air flow is delivered in the wheel-workpiece interface. The MQL technique is already widely employed in machining processes with tools of defined geometry (e.g. turning), in which produces very satisfactory results. However, the MQL technique has been little explored in grinding processes (non-defined tool geometry), in which the really effective heat removal methods are required due to the frictional heat generation in the grinding zone. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the plunge cylindrical internal grinding operation when using the MQL technique and the conventional cooling method. Roughness and roundness were the outputparameters. As a result, it was found that the best values of roughness Ra were obtained with the conventional lubrication method. The MQL technique applied as proposed was not able to flush the chips away from the grinding zone, leading to the highest Ra values. No significant differences were detected among the cooling methods when analyzing the roundness results. The workpiece fixture method selected was responsible for the overall unsatisfactory results.

A retificação, processo final de usinagem de uma peça, utiliza fluidos de corte com a finalidade de lubrificação, refrigeração e remoção de cavacos. No entanto, esses fluidos são extremamente agressivos com o meio. Com o avanço tecnológico a tendência mundial é produzir peças cada vez mais sofisticadas, com elevado grau de tolerância geométrica, dimensional, com bom acabamento superficial, com baixo custo e, principalmente, sem causar danos ao meio. Para tanto, ao processo de retificação está intrínseca a reciclagem do fluido de corte, que se destaca pelo seu custo. Através da variação da velocidade de avanço no processo de retificação cilíndrica externa do aço ABNT D6, racionalizando a aplicação de dois fluidos de corte e usando um rebolo superabrasivo de CBN (nitreto de boro cúbico) com ligante vitrificado, avaliaram-se os parâmetros de saída da força tangencial de corte, emissão acústica, rugosidade, circularidade, desgaste da ferramenta, tensão residual e a integridade superficial através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) dos corpos-de-prova. Com a análise do desempenho do fluido, do rebolo e da velocidade de mergulho, encontraram-se as melhores condições de usinagem propiciando a diminuição do volume de fluido de corte e a diminuição do tempo de usinagem, sem prejudicar os parâmetros geométricos e dimensionais, o acabamento superficial e a integridade superficial dos componentes.

Grinding, the final stage of the machining process, employs a significant amount of cutting fluids for lubrication, cooling and swarf removal. However, these cutting fluids are extremely aggressive to the environment. With technological progress, the world tendency is to produce more and more sophisticated pieces,having a high degree of geometrical and dimensional tolerance, good surface finish, hlow cost and, mainly, insignificant impact on the environment. Therefore, recycling cutting fluids is intrinsic and cost-cutting for the grinding process and This work aimed to assess several output parameters in external cylindrical grinding: tangential force, acoustic emission, surface roughness, roundness, tool wear, and residual stress. Also, analysis of microstructural features through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out. Tests was developed for ABNT D6 steel, using a CBN grinding wheel with vitrified bond and two types of cutting fluids Analyzing cutting fluid performance, grinding wheel time and feed rate, the best grinding conditions were found, leading to a decrease in cutting fluid volume and grinding time without impairing the geometrical and dimensional parameters, surface finish and surface integrity of the parts.

The plunge cylindrical grinding operation has been widely employed in the manufacturing process of components which require excellent surface quality achieved within small ranges of dimensional tolerance. The sparkout time has proved to be an important parameter in this operation, contributing to obtain surfaces with high geometric and dimensional precision. This parameter, which is defined as the period in which there is no wheel radial feed, allows the elimination of elastic deformations that build up as the grinding wheel is fed. Experimentation with sparkout time was applied in the plunge cylindrical grinding operation and included the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)technique, which has proved to be an environmentally correct alternative, combining a small amount of lubricating oil with an intense flow rate of compressed air. The conventional lubrication and cooling method and the method involving the nozzle proposed by Webster [10] were also used. The results showed that longer sparkout times led to a decrease in tangential forces, wheel diametrical wear and surface roughness values for the MQL method.

Grinding – the final machining process of a workpiece – requires large amounts of cutting fluids for the lubrication, cooling and removal of chips. These fluids are highly aggressive to the environment. With the technological advances of recent years, the worldwide trend is to produce increasingly sophisticated components with very strict geometric and dimensional tolerances, good surface finish, at low costs, and particularly without damaging the environment. The latter requirement can be achieved by recycling cutting fluids, which is a costly solution, or by drastically reducing the amount of cutting fluids employed in the grinding process. This alternative was investigated here by varying the plunge velocity in the plunge cylindrical grinding of ABNT D6 steel, rationalizing the application of two cutting fluids and using a superabrasive CBN (cubic boron nitride) grinding wheel with vitrified binder to evaluate the output parameters of tangential cutting force, acoustic emission, roughness, roundness, tool wear, residual stress and surface integrity, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the test specimens. The performance of the cutting fluid, grinding wheel and plunge velocity were analyzed to identify the best machining conditions which allowed for a reduction of the cutting fluid volume, reducing the machining time without impairing the geometric and dimensional parameters, and the surface finish and integrity of the machined components.

La rectificación, proceso final de fabricación de una pieza, hace uso intenso de fluidos de corte con la finalidad de lubricación, refrigeración y remoción de astillas (imperfecciones). Sin embargo, estos fluidos son extremamente agresivos al medio. Con el avance tecnológico la tendencia mundial es producir piezas cada vez mas sofisticadas, con elevado grado de tolerancia geométrica, dimensional, con buen acabamiento superficial, con bajo costo y, principalmente, sin causar daños al medio. Para ello, al proceso de rectificación está intrínseco el reciclaje del fluido de corte, que se destaca por su costo. A través de la variación de la velocidad de avance en el proceso de rectificación cilíndrica externa del acero ABNT D6, racionalizando la aplicación de dos fluidos de corte y usando una muela superabrasiva de CBN (nitruro de boro cúbico) con ligante vitrificado, se evaluaron los parámetros de salida fuerza tangencial de corte, rugosidad, circularidad, desgaste de la herramienta, la tensión residual y la integridad superficial a través de la microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM) de las piezas de prueba. Con el análisis del desempeño fluido, muela y velocidad de inmersión se encontró las mejores condiciones de fabricación propiciando la disminución del volumen de fluido de corte, disminución del tiempo de fabricación sin perjudicar los parámetros geométricos, dimensionales, el acabado superficial y la integridad superficial de los componentes.